Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 in Umatata in South Africa as the son of a Thembu chief named Henry Mandela. He entered the university of Fort Hare in which he got involved in politics against racial segregation. He was expelled to degree in Law.

In 1944 he established the African National Congress Youth club and began a campaign called the Defiance Campaign against white supremacy. Here its members all over the country formed into small groups and disobeyed the apartheid laws. Mandela and other leaders continued this struggle of civil disobedience and was charged with treason in 1956. But he was acquitted after a five year trail.

Mandela who had been following a non violence strategy changed his tactics and sounght to use force and violent activities by establishing a military wing to the ANC. Then the ANC was banned. Mandela was put in to trail again with his colleagues and was sentenced for a life imprisonment. This trail is known as Revonia Trail.

He was held in Robben Island for 18 years harsh conditions, but he was able to continue his antiapartheid campaign secretly. It is in prison that Mandela wrote his autobiography “Long walk to Freedom” in 1994. Later Mandela was transferred to Pollsmore Prison near Cape Town.

Many western countries demanded his release and there was much pressure locally too. As a result he was released in 1990. Once out of prison he assumed the leadership of the ANC, but there were much differences between the white South Africans and the Blacks. It is Mandela who resolved the conflicts and established a federal system of government with a strong central rule. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for this. He became the first black President after multi-racial elections held in 1994

Under its new constitution Mandela introduce many development plans which included creations of jobs, health care and housing schemes. The constitution guaranteed rights of minorities and freedom of speech. He made South Africa one of the most developed countries in the world. His presidency came to an end in June 1999.

Sahan Wijethunge
Dharmaraja College

The Tooth relic of Lord Budhdha is placed on Dalada Maligawa (Temple of tooth relic). This wonderful palace was built by king  Wimaladharmasooriya 1. He added so many items to this wonderful place.


At present lot of people believe the miracle of The Tooth Relic of Lord Buddha. Thousands and thousands of people come to worship this religious place. The king Sri Wikrama Rajasinghe added the paththirippuwa to this palace. Now the occupier of this palace is Diyawadana Nilame (the person who serves water to this Tooth Relic).
 
The caretaker of this Tooth Relic is Maha Sanganayaka (the cheif theros) of Asgiri and Malwathu temples. The ownership is changing twice a year. It is a Miracle. There are so many examples for it. This pleace is a World Heritage. So it is our duty to protect this historical, religious world heritage.                  


Manodhya Nabadawawa
Dharmaraja college kandy 
10-E

3D glasses are a vital component in current 3D display technology enabling stereoscopic vision and depth perception. We are able to perceive depth due to the fast that each of your eyes observes the same scene but at slightly different perspective. When the individual images being viewed by each eye, reaches our visual cortex, our brain automatically puts these images together and interprets information regarding the third dimension.
 
Thus, ultimately any 3D display technology will have to rely on using a method to deliver separate images (or views) of the same scene to each eye. 3D glasses provide a very simple and elegant approach to achieving this. The idea behind them is simple enough, each eye piece allows the images meant for the corresponding eye to pass through while blocking the images meant for the other eye.
 
3D Glasses can be divided into two technologies, Active and Passive. Active glasses are usually powered and involve moving or switchable element in the glasses that "actively" discriminate the incoming images so as to provide a different images to each eye. In direct contrast, passive glasses do not rely on any power or movable elements.  They usually rely on some special type of optical material that helps discriminate between the images meant for each eye. All 3D TVs manufactured have their own 3D glasses, pair or two of which are given free with each 3D TV set.
 
Mithun Hettige
10 E
Dharmaraja College

He was born on 20th January 1827. His teacher was Rev. Aruggamuwe Sri Rewatha Thero. Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thero was a very clever student.

During this time, a group of monks came from Thailand (Siyam Rata). There was no one to speak with them in Pali language.  In Hikkaduwa, they met the little monk Sri Sumangala and spoke in Pali with them. The group of monks was very happy about this little monk and spoke about him everywhere they went. So the name Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thero became very famous throughout the world.

After that, well to do Buddhists of the area decided that this clever little monk should be taught well. So he was handed over to the Rev. Walane Sri Siddharthe Thero of Parama Dhamma Chethiya Viharaya at Rathmalane.

Sri Sumangala Thero started the Vidyodaya Pirivena. Even the students from Europe came to this highly educated to learn Pali and Buddhism. Sumangala Thero was good in Sinhala, Pali, Sanskrit, English, Tamil, French and Rassian. His talents are evident in the books he written.

He was the chief incumbent of Sri Pada, Sanganayake of Galle area, deputy Chairman of Paramawinggnaratha Samagama. Rev. Sri Sumangala Thero died on the 29th April 1911.

R.A.N. Rupasinghe
10E
Dharmaraja College, Kandy
Class Teacher: Mrs. Thamara Wijekoon

The simple answer is either they are stored in our memory or we forget them. But this question makes us ask a great number of other questions.

• What is the difference between day-dreaming and the dreams we have when we are sleep?
• Can dreams foretell the future?
• How long do they really last?
• Do we have dreams in colour or only in black and white?
• Why do we forget some dreams and remember others?
• Are dreams good for us or bad?
• Why do some dreams wake us up at once and other not?

Some experts say that to be healthy in mind, we have to dream every night, whether we remember or not.

There is a book called “An Experiment with Time” by J.W.Dunne, which tells us that the author used to note down in the morning , dreams he had in the night and that sometimes his dreams foretold what was going to happen in the future. He suggest that when we are wide awake our sense of time is vertical, so that we are aware only of the present moment, but when we are sleep, time becomes for us horizontal, so that we can travel into the past and the future.

Other experts say that we dream of doing the things which for various reasons, we cannot do in our waking hours. So we try to realize in our sleep wishes that cannot be realized by day.

Shehan Kaushalya Senavirathna
Dharmaraja College - Kandy
10 – E (2011)